The current status of red spruce in the eastern United States: distribution, population trends, and environmental drivers
This article is part of a larger document. View the larger document here.Abstract
Red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) was affected by an array of direct (logging, fire, and grazing) and indirect human activities (acid deposition) over the past centuries. To adequately assess past impacts on red spruce, thus helping frame its restoration potential, requires a clear understanding of its current status. To achieve this, Forest and Inventory Analysis data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, were analyzed from 2,458 plots having one or more red spruce trees (≥5 in. diameter at breast height). Red spruce was widespread across the Northeast, associating with many tree species. Southward, along the Appalachian Chain, red spruce became increasingly restricted to high elevations and had fewer associates. Red spruce stands in the Southern Appalachians were distinctly different from those in other regions, having higher red spruce density, basal area, and overall importance. No problems were detected with red spruce regeneration and ecruitment under the current climate.